托福寫(xiě)作中的黃金詞匯（上）

托福寫(xiě)作能否取得高分主要是看在寫(xiě)作中能否使用高級(jí)詞匯，下面是小編為大家整理的托福寫(xiě)作中的黃金詞匯，看看你了解多少？希望對(duì)大家托福備考有所幫助?！贰贰吠懈?xiě)作中的黃金詞匯（下）

1. Irony

What you think it means: Something that is funny. 你認(rèn)為單詞的含義是：滑稽的事。

What it really means: Contrary to what you are expecting.單詞的真正含義是：事與愿違的。 This is a famous one because so many people get this wrong so often. It’s also kind of hard to explain, so we’ll use an example. The Titanic was boasted about as being 100% unsinkable and then in 1912 it was sunk anyway. That is what is called cosmic irony. When a starving vegetarian eats a pepperoni pizza, that is what is called situational irony.

這是一個(gè)典型的單詞，因?yàn)榻?jīng)常有人用錯(cuò)。解釋起來(lái)可能有點(diǎn)困難，所以我們還是舉例說(shuō)明吧。泰坦尼克號(hào)號(hào)稱(chēng)100%不會(huì)沉沒(méi)，但1912年它還是意外沉沒(méi)了，這就叫“宇宙反諷”。要是某個(gè)餓得不行的素食者忍不住吃了塊香腸披薩，那就叫“情境反諷”。

There are other kinds too, such as dramatic irony and Socratic irony. Believe it or not, sarcasm is actually irony. When you say something sarcastically, your tone and your words mean two opposite things. That is ironic. Irony can be funny but not everything funny is irony.

當(dāng)然還有其他分類(lèi)，比如“喜劇式反諷”和“蘇格拉底式反諷”。不管你信不信，irony其實(shí)和sarcasm(諷刺)是一個(gè)意思。當(dāng)說(shuō)到某件事很諷刺時(shí)，你的語(yǔ)調(diào)和用詞意在表達(dá)完全相反的兩種情況。這就是ironic(反諷)。反諷可以是滑稽的，但并不是所有滑稽的事都可以稱(chēng)得上“反諷”。

2. Travesty

What you think it means: A tragedy or something unfortunate. 你認(rèn)為單詞的含義是：悲劇或不幸的事。

What it really means: A mockery or parody. 單詞的真正含義是：拙劣的模仿或惡搞。 This is another one that people have wrong fairly frequently. You've heard people call 9/11 a travesty. Truth be told 9/11 was a tragedy. A travesty is actually a mockery or a parody. One might say that a Weird Al Yankovic album is a travesty. With how often this word is associated with tragedy, we wouldn't be shocked if that definition were eventually added as an acceptable meaning. Until then, it doesn't mean anything bad happened.

這也是人們經(jīng)常用錯(cuò)的一個(gè)單詞。有人把9.11事件說(shuō)成travesty，其實(shí)他是想說(shuō)是個(gè)tragedy(悲劇)。Travesty其實(shí)是指拙劣的模仿或惡搞。你可以說(shuō)艾爾?揚(yáng)科維奇的專(zhuān)輯是travesty(惡搞的)。鑒于travesty這個(gè)單詞總是被人們和tragedy(悲劇)搞混淆，或許以后travesty里面也能加入“悲劇”的含義吧。不過(guò)到目前為止，這個(gè)單詞跟“不好的事情”完全扯不上關(guān)系。

3. Ultimate

What you think it means: The one, the only. The best. 你認(rèn)為單詞的含義是：某個(gè)，唯一的，最好的。

What it really means: The last item of a list. 單詞的真正含義是：列表中的最后一項(xiàng)。 Some people do actually use this one properly. You may see someone list off a bunch of things and hear them say, “Okay, at the store we need eggs, milk, juice, and ultimately, butter.” That is actually the proper use of ultimate. There is no other context or added context. It simply means the last one.

確實(shí)也有人能夠正確使用這個(gè)單詞。你或許看到過(guò)別人寫(xiě)出一串列單，然后聽(tīng)到他們說(shuō)：“嗯……我們要去商店買(mǎi)點(diǎn)雞蛋、牛奶、果汁，最后(ultimately)還有黃油。”這才是ultimate的正確使用方法。這里不存在其他內(nèi)容或補(bǔ)充內(nèi)容，ultimate就表示“最后一個(gè)”。

4. Conversate

What you think it means: To have a conversation. 你認(rèn)為單詞的含義是：進(jìn)行交談。

What it really means: Nothing. 單詞的真正含義是：壓根沒(méi)有這個(gè)詞。 Conversate actually doesn’t exist and I’ll prove it to you. Go into a program that underlines words with red if they’re spelled wrong. Now type out conversate. Did you see the red line? Conversate was meant to be a mixture of conversation and converse and be used as a verb. However, converse is a verb and there really isn’t a need for a second verb to describe the same action.

Conversate這個(gè)單詞其實(shí)是不存在的，這我可以證明。找個(gè)能標(biāo)紅錯(cuò)誤拼寫(xiě)的程序，然后輸入conversate這個(gè)單詞，你應(yīng)該能看到這個(gè)單詞被標(biāo)了紅色下劃線(xiàn)吧?conversate應(yīng)該是conversation(交談)和converse(交談)的混合詞，詞性是動(dòng)詞?？墒?，converse(交談)本身就是動(dòng)詞，根本就沒(méi)必要再造一個(gè)動(dòng)詞來(lái)描述同一個(gè)行為了。

5. Peruse

What you think it means: To skim or browse. 你認(rèn)為單詞的含義是：略讀或?yàn)g覽。

What it really means: To observe in depth. 單詞的真正含義是：深入觀察。 When you peruse something, you are actually taking a very close look at it. When you're at a record store and you're just running through a stack of records, you are just browsing. If you pick up a record and look at the artist, track list, and additional information on the back, then your are perusing.

當(dāng)你peruse(深入觀察)某事物時(shí)，說(shuō)明你看得非常仔細(xì)。假設(shè)你在唱片店穿過(guò)一排排的唱片架，那就是“瀏覽”。如果你拿起一張唱片查看背后的藝術(shù)家、目錄和其他信息，那就叫peruse(深入觀察)了。

6. Bemused

What you think it means: Amused. 你認(rèn)為單詞的含義是：愉快的。

What it really means: Confused. 單詞的真正含義是：困惑的。 This is one of the many words on this list that will make you strongly dislike the English language. Despite looking all but identical to the word amused, bemused doesn't even come close to meaning the same thing. If you are bemused then you are actually confused.

這個(gè)單詞可能本清單中“榮膺”讓你討厭英語(yǔ)的原因之一。盡管bemused(困惑的)在拼寫(xiě)上跟amused(愉快的)很相似，但這兩個(gè)單詞的含義卻并不一樣。如果你bemused，說(shuō)明你其實(shí)很困惑。

7. Compelled

What you think it means: To do something voluntarily by choice. 你認(rèn)為單詞的含義是：志愿選擇做某事。

What it really means: To be forced or obligated to doing something. 單詞的真正含義是：被迫或有義務(wù)做某事。 This is one that people get wrong and it's rather understandable. The real definition is very close to the definition people generally use. The difference is the motivation. When people say compelled, they think the person wants to perform the action. In fact, they are forced to do it regardless of their personal feelings. Here's an example. When you're in court, you are compelled to give honest testimony. You may not want to, but it doesn't matter because you have to.

這個(gè)單詞被人們搞錯(cuò)其實(shí)倒也情有可原。它的真實(shí)定義和人們通常誤用的含義很接近，但區(qū)別就在于動(dòng)機(jī)如何。當(dāng)說(shuō)到compelled(被迫)時(shí)，人們以為說(shuō)話(huà)者想做某事，但實(shí)際上，說(shuō)話(huà)者是有違自身情緒而被迫去做某事的。舉個(gè)例子，在出庭時(shí)，你就是compelled(被迫)如實(shí)作證的，你可能心里不情愿，但不管怎樣你只能這么做。

8. Nauseous

What you think it means: To feel ill. 你認(rèn)為單詞的含義是：感覺(jué)不舒服。

What it really means: To cause feelings of illness. 單詞的真正含義是：令人不舒服的。 This is another understandable mishap that a lot of people make. If you actually feel sick then you are nauseated. The object that made you feel ill is nauseous. Here’s how this works. If you're at an amusement park and you’re sitting next to a full trash can, the fumes from the trash may make you feel ill. That means the fumes from the trash can are nauseous because they are making you feel nauseated.

許多人用錯(cuò)這個(gè)單詞也是情有可原的。如果你果真感到不舒服，那么你會(huì)nauseated(作嘔)，讓你感到不舒服的東西是nauseous(作嘔的)。請(qǐng)看下面的例子。假設(shè)你坐在游樂(lè)園一個(gè)滿(mǎn)滿(mǎn)的垃圾桶旁邊，垃圾桶里冒出的煙霧讓你感到不舒服。這就是說(shuō)，垃圾桶里冒出的煙霧是nauseous(令人作嘔的)，因?yàn)樗屇愀械絥auseated(作嘔)。

9. Redundant

What you think it means: Repetitive. 你認(rèn)為單詞的含義是：重復(fù)的。

What it really means: Unnecessarily excessive. 單詞的真正含義是：過(guò)剩的。 This one is tough because you can use it wrong but unintentionally use it right. When you repeat something a bunch of times, it can become redundant, but redundant expands far beyond just repeating things over and over. A popular thing companies are doing now is firing people but instead of calling it “getting fired,” they call it “eliminating redundancies.” The premise being that the employee they’re firing is unnecessary and excessive and they are thus eliminating them. In pretty much any scenario where there is simply too much of something, it is redundant.

這個(gè)單詞有點(diǎn)復(fù)雜，因?yàn)槟憧赡芸倳?huì)用錯(cuò)，卻也不一定什么時(shí)候就用對(duì)了。當(dāng)你不斷重復(fù)某事很多次后，事情可能就會(huì)變得redundant(多余的)，但是redundant這個(gè)詞所包含的意思遠(yuǎn)不止“不斷重復(fù)”。當(dāng)下公司都很流行解聘雇員，但他們不會(huì)說(shuō)“炒你魷魚(yú)”，而是稱(chēng)之為“裁員”;但前提是，被裁的員工是可有可無(wú)的、多余的，這樣就可以裁掉了。在很多情況下，如果某事太多太剩，那就是redundant(多余的)了。

10. Enormity

What you think it means: Huge, enormous. 你認(rèn)為單詞的含義是：巨大的，龐大的。

What it really means: Profoundly immoral or evil. 單詞的真正含義是：極其不道德的或邪惡的。 Don't beat yourself up over this one because no one knows this one off the top of their head. Enormity sounds like enormous and as with many of our other examples, here we expect words that sound alike to have similar meanings. Enormity simply means really evil. An example of how to use it is the following: “The enormity of the crimes committed by the Nazis in World War II.” It doesn't mean the enormous crimes, it means the heinous crimes.

不要因?yàn)橛缅e(cuò)這個(gè)單詞而自責(zé)，因?yàn)闆](méi)多少人能不假思索地知道這個(gè)單詞。Enormity(窮兇惡極)的發(fā)音和enormous(龐大的)比較相近，正如先前提過(guò)的許多例子一樣，對(duì)于發(fā)音相似的單詞，人們也很容易認(rèn)為它們的意思也一樣。Enormity是指“極其邪惡”。舉個(gè)例子來(lái)說(shuō)明如何使用這個(gè)單詞吧?！凹{粹分子在二戰(zhàn)中犯下的罪行是enormity(窮兇惡極的)?！彼皇钦f(shuō)enormous(龐大的)罪行，而是指十惡不赦的罪行。

11. Terrific

What you think it means: Fantastic, good. 你認(rèn)為單詞的含義是：妙極了，極好的。

What it really means: Horrific, to inspire fear. 單詞的真正含義是：可怖的，令人害怕的。 This is another one that we expect will be changed in the dictionary eventually because barely anyone uses the real meaning anymore. When people say they feel terrific, they mean to say they feel fantastic. An example of something terrific is King Kong. You see a giant monster and it inspires fear. We're going to loop awesome in with this one too. Awesome simply means to inspire awe and people often use it to describe something really good.

我們認(rèn)為這個(gè)單詞的含義以后也會(huì)在詞典里重新修訂，因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)在幾乎沒(méi)有人會(huì)去使用它的真正含義。當(dāng)人們說(shuō)感覺(jué)terrific(恐怖的)時(shí)，他們是指感覺(jué)fantastic(好極了)?！督饎偂肪褪堑湫偷膖errific(可怖的)例子，因?yàn)樗蔷薰?，讓人感到恐懼。在此順便說(shuō)說(shuō)awesome這個(gè)單詞吧。Awesome是指“讓人感到驚懼”，但現(xiàn)在人們用這個(gè)詞的時(shí)候主要是指“某事好極了”。

12. Disinterested

What you think it means: Bored. 你以為單詞的含義是：無(wú)趣的。

What it really means: Neutral. 單詞的真正含義是：中立的。 A good way to remember this one is that there is a word that means bored and it's uninterested. If you're uninterested, you're bored. Being disinterested is the long-form equivalent of stating that you don't care about something.

要記住這個(gè)單詞，有個(gè)辦法就是別忘了已經(jīng)有一個(gè)單詞表示“無(wú)趣的”——這個(gè)單詞就是uninterested。如果你uninterested(不感興趣)，那自然就“無(wú)趣”了。Disinterested是表示“對(duì)某事不關(guān)心”的一個(gè)單詞。

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