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時(shí)間:2021-08-25
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本周六將迎來2018年10月20日的托福考試,相信大家已經(jīng)做好了充分的準(zhǔn)備。臨考前來看一下留學(xué)監(jiān)理網(wǎng)小編為大家整理的有關(guān)本場考試的預(yù)測機(jī)經(jīng),緩解一下緊張的心情吧!以下是本場考試閱讀預(yù)測機(jī)經(jīng)。
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{版本1}
一:Naturalism and Nature in Art
希臘亞里士多德時(shí)期開始崇尚自然主義,認(rèn)為藝術(shù)就是生動(dòng)再現(xiàn)客觀事物,但也包括 fiction as unicorns。第一個(gè)例子:Z (人名)和J (人名)關(guān)于誰在藝術(shù)方面更有造詣的比拼? Z畫了一串葡萄,引得鳥兒來啄;但是J的畫作是curtain。Z看到這個(gè)curtain 后讓他的對(duì)手 remove the curtain to show his paint 但是 curtain 其實(shí)是后者畫的。所以Z認(rèn)輸。第二個(gè)例子,關(guān)于畫花。進(jìn)一步說明自然主義。那個(gè)時(shí)候開始畫些flowers 比如tulip有了代表的意義。但是慢慢有expressionist不再忠實(shí)于自然主義,有人認(rèn)為photography。不僅僅是camera決定,更是人的選擇。達(dá)芬奇也認(rèn)為observation帶來的僅 僅是likeness , copy就是mirror,藝術(shù)應(yīng)該更多涉及intelligent activity和 inner life, including energy and strength. Georgia 在畫 Connolly 的時(shí)候 也更注重表現(xiàn)其essence,而不是image。
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二:Changes in the early modern European states
第一段講了歐洲經(jīng)歷的一系列的社會(huì)變化,尤其是政治層面。后面幾段主要講了歐洲國家開始意識(shí)到nationality,即領(lǐng)土的完整,語言的統(tǒng)一common language等。另外,歐洲國家也開始意識(shí)到rationality,主要受到中國的hierachy的影響,社會(huì)開始分層。另外法國首先開始擴(kuò)大government power,但是法國的政府并沒有有效執(zhí)行它制定的一些舉措,而是通過戰(zhàn)爭擴(kuò)大領(lǐng)土。不過法國的的關(guān)于政府權(quán)利和效率的做法隨后背其他國家模仿follow和推崇。最后一段,主要講了英國和荷蘭的情況,和其他歐洲國家的情況不太一樣.荷蘭建造了第一個(gè)監(jiān)獄。英國的monarchy的不同則主要體現(xiàn)在兩方面,一是給了議會(huì)parliament更大的權(quán)利,另外限制公民的宗教信仰自由religious freedom。
三:biomass energy
第一段講了生物物質(zhì)能源 biomass energy的定義,來自于植物plants,未來或許可以用于替代fossil fuel的new energey resource. 第二段講了biomass engergy的開發(fā)會(huì)可能給環(huán)境和一些物種species帶來壓力pressure. 然后舉了印度的一處森林的例子。由于deforestation,這個(gè)地區(qū)的物種的棲息地受到影響。如果進(jìn)一步開發(fā)生物物質(zhì)能源,給環(huán)境帶來的影響或許不可逆。后面講了biomass energy的開發(fā)和運(yùn)用。如果biomass得到合理的運(yùn)用,比如及時(shí)補(bǔ)充被砍伐的森林和植物,就不會(huì)對(duì)環(huán)境的二氧化碳的含量造成影響。最后一段作者展望了biomass的未來,有無潛力可以替代石油進(jìn)口。作者先寫了美國的一些地方biomass energy的儲(chǔ)量還是很大的,因?yàn)橛凶銐虻拈e置的土地idle farmlands可以用來種植所需的植物。但是biomass energy并不一定能夠代替fossil fuel。
{版本2}
In seventeenth-century colonial North America, all day-to-day cooking was done in the fireplace. Generally large, fireplaces were planned for cooking as well as for warmth. Those in the Northeast were usually four or five feet high, and in the South, they were often high enough for a person to walk into. A heavy timber called the mantel tree was used as a lintel to support the stonework above the fireplace opening. This timber might be scorched occasionally, but it was far enough in front of the rising column of heat to be safe from catching fire.
在17世紀(jì)殖民時(shí)期的北美,所有的日常烹飪都在壁爐里完成。通常大型的壁爐是為烹飪和取暖而設(shè)計(jì)的。在東北部,通常有四五英尺高,而在南部,這些高到足以讓人走進(jìn)去。一種叫做壁爐架的沉重木材被用作壁爐門楣,用來支撐壁爐上方的石雕。這種木材可能偶爾會(huì)被烤焦,但它在上升的熱氣柱前足夠遠(yuǎn),不至于著火。
Two ledges were built across from each other on the inside of the chimney. On these rested the ends of a lug pole from which pots were suspended when cooking. Wood from a freshly cut tree was used for the lug pole, so it would resist heat, but it had to be replaced frequently because it dried out and charred, and was thus weakened. Sometimes the pole broke and the dinner fell into the fire. When iron became easier to obtain, it was used instead of wood for lug poles, and later fireplaces had pivoting metal rods to hang pots from.
在煙囪的內(nèi)部,有兩個(gè)相互相對(duì)的壁架。在這些架子上,有一根吊桿的兩端,當(dāng)烹飪的時(shí)候,這些吊桿上的鍋是懸掛著的。新砍下來的樹的木頭被用來做吊桿,所以它可以抵抗熱量,但它必須經(jīng)常更換,因?yàn)樗稍锖蜔?,因此被削弱。有時(shí)桿子斷了,飯就掉到火里去了。當(dāng)鐵變得更容易獲得的時(shí)候,它被用來代替木桿,后來的壁爐有旋轉(zhuǎn)的金屬桿用來懸掛罐子。
Beside the fireplace and built as part of it was the oven. It was made like a small, secondary fireplace with a flue leading into the main chimney to draw out smoke. Sometimes the door of the oven faced the room, but most ovens were built with the opening facing into the fireplace. On baking days (usually once or twice a week) a roaring fire of oven wood, consisting of brown maple sticks, was maintained in the oven until its walls were extremely hot. The embers were later removed, bread dough was put into the oven, and the oven was sealed shut until the bread was fully baked.
在壁爐旁邊,還有一個(gè)烤爐。它被做成一個(gè)小的,次要的壁爐,有一個(gè)煙道通向主煙囪,用來排煙。有時(shí)烤爐的門面對(duì)著房間,但大多數(shù)烤爐都是開向壁爐的。在烘烤日(通常一周一到兩次),烤爐里的木柴(由棕色的楓樹枝組成)熊熊燃燒,直到爐壁非常熱。余燼隨后被移走,面團(tuán)放進(jìn)烤箱,烤箱被密封,直到面包完全烤好。
Not all baking was done in a big oven, however. Also used was an iron bake kettle, which looked like a stewpot on legs and which had an iron lid. This is said to have worked well when it was placed in the fireplace, surrounded by glowing wood embers, with more embers piled on its lid.
然而,并不是所有的烘焙都是在一個(gè)大烤箱里完成的。同樣使用的還有一個(gè)鐵烤鍋,它看起來像一個(gè)有腿的燉鍋,有一個(gè)鐵蓋子。據(jù)說放在壁爐里的時(shí)候效果很好,周圍是燃燒的木柴,蓋子上堆著更多的木柴。
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