The Economist 《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》常用詞匯總結(jié)（附8月1日閱讀3答案）

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1、絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)(Absolute advantage)

如果一個(gè)國家用一單位資源生產(chǎn)的某種產(chǎn)品比另一個(gè)國家多，那么，這個(gè)國家在這種產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)上與另一國相比就具有絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)。

2、逆向選擇(Adverse choice)

在此狀況下，保險(xiǎn)公司發(fā)現(xiàn)它們的客戶中有太大的一部分來自高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)群體

3、選擇成本(Alternative cost)

如果以最好的另一種方式使用的某種資源，它所能生產(chǎn)的價(jià)值就是選擇成本，也可以稱之為機(jī)會(huì)成本。

4、需求的弧彈性( Arc elasticity of demand)

如果 P1 和 Q1 分別是價(jià)格和需求量的初始值，P2 和 Q2 為第二組值，那么，弧彈性就等于-(Q1-Q2)(P1+P2)/(P1-P2)(Q1+Q2)

5、非對(duì)稱的信息(Asymmetric information)

在某些市場(chǎng)中，每個(gè)參與者擁有的信息并不相同。例如，在舊車市場(chǎng)上，有關(guān)舊車質(zhì)量的信息，賣者通常要比潛在的買者知道得多。

6、平均成本(Average cost)

平均成本是總成本除以產(chǎn)量。也稱為平均總成本。

7、平均固定成本( Average fixed cost)

平均固定成本是總固定成本除以產(chǎn)量。

8、平均產(chǎn)品(Average product)

平均產(chǎn)品是總產(chǎn)量除以投入品的數(shù)量。

9、平均可變成本(Average variable cost)

平均可變成本是總可變成本除以產(chǎn)量。

10、投資的β(Beta)

β度量的是與投資相聯(lián)的不可分散的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。對(duì)于一種股票而言，它表示所有現(xiàn)行股票的收益發(fā)生變化時(shí)，一種股票的收益會(huì)如何敏感地變化。

11、債券收益(Bond yield)

債券收益是債券所獲得的利率。

12、收支平衡圖(Break-even chart)

收支平衡圖表示一種產(chǎn)品所出售的總數(shù)量改變時(shí)總收益和總成本是如何變化的。收支平衡點(diǎn)是為避免損失而必須賣出的最小數(shù)量。

13、預(yù)算線(Budget line)

預(yù)算線表示消費(fèi)者所能購買的商品 X 和商品 Y 的數(shù)量的全部組合。它的斜率等于商品 X 的價(jià)格除以商品 Y 的價(jià)格再乘以-1。

……

>>>免費(fèi)雅思/托福成績測(cè)試，提前測(cè)試能考多少分呢？

2019年8月1日雅思考試真題回憶之閱讀題3原文及答案：

 facial expression面部表情

A A facial expression is one or more motions or positions of the muscles in the skin. These movements convey the emotional state of the individual to observers. Facial expressions are a form of nonverbal communication. They are a primary means of conveying social information among aliens,  but also occur in most other mammals(哺乳動(dòng)物)and some other animal species. Facial expressions and their significance in the perceiver can, to some extent, vary between cultures with evidence from descriptions in the works of Charles Darwin.

B Humans can adopt a facial expression to read as a voluntary action.However, cause expressions are closely tied to emotion,they are more often involuntary(不知不覺的). It can be nearly impossible to avoid expressions for certain emotions, even when it would be strongly desirable to do so; a person who is trying to avoid insulting an individual he or she finds highly unattractive might, nevertheless,show a brief expression of disgust before being able to reassume a neutral expression.Microexpressions(微表情)are one example of this phenomenon. The close link between emotion and expression can also work in the other direction; it has been observed that voluntarily assuming an expression can actually cause the associated emotion.

C Some expressions can be accurately interpreted even between members of different species-anger and extreme contentment(滿足，滿意)being the primary examples. Others, however,are difficult to interpret even in familiar individuals. For instance,disgust and fear can be tough to tell apart.  Because faces have only a limited range of movement, expressions rely upon fairly minuscule differences in the proportion and relative position of facial features, and reading them requires considerable sensitivity to same. Some faces are often falsely read as expressing some emotion, even when they are neutral, because their proportions naturally resemble those another face would temporarily assume.

D Also, a person 1s eyes reveal much about how they are feeling,or what they are thinking.Blink rate(眨眼率)can reveal how nervous or at ease a person may be. Research by Boston College professor Joe Tecce suggests that stress levels are revealed by blink rates. He-supports his data with statistics on the relation between the blink rates of presidential candidates and their success in their races.Tecce claims that the faster blinker in the presidential debates has lost every election since 1980. Though Tecce 1 s data is interesting, it is important to recognize that non-verbal communication is multi-channeled, and focusing on only one aspect is reckless. Nervousness can also be measured by examining each candidates’ perspiration,eye contact and stiffness.

E As Charles Darwin noted in his book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals:the young and the old of widely different races,both with man and animals,express the same state of mind by the same movements.Still,up to the mid—20th century most anthropologists(人類學(xué)家）believed that facial expressions were entirely learned and could therefore differ among cultures.Studies conducted in the 1960s by Paul Ekman eventually supported Darwin’s belief to a large degree.

F Ekman’s work on facial expressions had its starting point in the work of psychologist Silvan Tomkins.Ekman showed that contrary to the belief of some anthropologists including Margaret Mead,facial expressions of emotion are not culturally determined,but universal across human cultures.The South Fore people of New Guinea were chosen as subjects for one such survey.The study consisted of 189 adults and 130 children from among a very isolated population,as well as twenty three members of the culture who lived a less isolated lifestyle as a control group.Participants were told a story that described one particular emotion;they were then shown three pictures(two for children)of facial expressions and asked to match the picture which expressed the story’s emotion.

G While the isolated South Fore people could identify emotions with the same accuracy as the non-isolated control group,problems associated with the study include the fact that both fear and surprise were constantly misidentified.The study concluded that certain facial expressions correspond to particular emotions and can not be covered,regardless of cultural background,and regardless of whether or not the culture has been isolated or exposed to the mainstream.

H Expressions Ekman found to be universal included those indicating anger,disgust,fear,joy,sadness,and surprise(note that none of these emotions has a definitive social component,such as shame,pride,or schadenfreude).Findings on contempt(which is social)are less clear,though there is at least some preliminary evidence that this emotion and its expression are universally recognized.This may suggest that the facial expressions are largely related to the mind and each parts on the face can express specific emotion.

Questions 28-32

Summary

Complete the Summary paragraph described below.In boxes 28-33 on your answer sheet,write the correct answer with NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS

The result of Ekman’s study demonstrates that fear and surprise are persistently 28 and made a conclusion that some facial expressions have something to do with certain 29 which is impossible covered,despite of 29 and whether the culture has been 30 or 31 to the mainstream.

Questions 33-38

The reading Passage has seven paragraphs A-H.

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter J-J^in boxes 34-38 on your answer sheet.

NB You may use any letter more than once.

33 the difficulty identifying the actual meaning of facial expressions

34 the importance of culture on facial expressions

35 collected data for the research on the relation between blink and the success in elections

36 impossible to differentiate some closely related expressions

37 an indicator to reflect one’s extent of nervousness

38 the relation between emotion and facial expressions

Questions 39-40

Choose two letters from the A-E

Write your answers in boxes 39-40 on your answer sheet.

Which Two of the following statements are true according to Ekman’s theory?

A No evidence shows animals have their own facial expressions.

B Mind controls man’s facial expressions.

C Facial expressions are concerning different cultures.

D Different spots on face convey certain state of mind.

E The definite relationship between facial expressions and state of mind exists

28.misidentified

29.emotions

30.cultural background

31.isolated

32.exposed

33.C

34.A

35.D

36.H

37.D

38.B

39.B

40.D

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