2018年11月4日托福考試閱讀預(yù)測機(jī)經(jīng)（版本合集?。?/h1>

• 時(shí)間：2021-08-19

• 來源：留學(xué)監(jiān)理網(wǎng)

• 分享：

本周日將迎來下月的第一場托福考試，大家是否已經(jīng)做好充分的準(zhǔn)備？小編為大家整理了本場考試的預(yù)測機(jī)經(jīng)，希望對(duì)大家有所幫助。以下是本場考試閱讀預(yù)測機(jī)經(jīng)。

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{版本1}

一.青蛙滅絕

內(nèi)容回憶 這篇文章講了關(guān)于某一類青蛙，滅絕的原因。

討論的原因包括，和一種菌類有關(guān)，或者是傳染病。

參考閱讀TPO 8 Extinction of the Dinosaurs

二.可食植物

內(nèi)容回憶 這篇文章講的是，人類種植可食植物。

其中以人類種植可食植物的發(fā)展歷程為主線。

參考閱讀TPO 23 Seventeenth-Century Dutch Agriculture

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三.學(xué)科分類：History

題目：Origins of Industrial Revolution

第一段：介紹了工業(yè)革命的來源。

第二段：說介紹了工業(yè)革命最早起源于英國的紡織業(yè)。

第三段：介紹了工業(yè)革命對(duì)煉金業(yè)的影響。

第四段：則說工業(yè)革命除了對(duì)以上兩個(gè)又影響外，對(duì)其他行業(yè)的影響。

第五段：說了工業(yè)革命對(duì)服務(wù)業(yè)的影響。

詞匯題：

5. Inanimate = lifeless

6. Altered = changed

7. Radically = extremely

8. Distribution = delivery

{版本2}

Bird Colonies 鳥類棲息地

About 13 percent of bird species, including most seabirds, nest in colonies. Colonial nesting evolves in response to a combination of two environmental conditions: (1) a shortage of nesting sites that are safe from predators and (2) abundant or unpredictable food that is distant from safe nest sites. First and foremost, individual birds are safer in colonies that are inaccessible to predators, as on small rocky islands. In addition, colonial birds detect predators more quickly than do small groups or pairs and can drive the predators from the vicinity of the nesting area. Because nests at the edges of breeding colonies are more vulnerable to predators than those in the centers, the preference for advantageous central sites promotes dense centralized packing of nests.

大約13%的鳥類，包括大多數(shù)海鳥，都是在群體中筑巢。群體筑巢的進(jìn)化是對(duì)兩種環(huán)境條件的綜合反應(yīng):(1)缺乏可以躲避捕食者的筑巢地點(diǎn);(2)遠(yuǎn)離安全巢穴的大量或不可預(yù)知的食物。首先也是最重要的一點(diǎn)是，個(gè)體鳥類在捕食者難以接近的群體中更安全，比如在小巖石島嶼上。此外，群居鳥類比小群或成對(duì)的鳥類更快地察覺到捕食者，并能將捕食者從筑巢區(qū)附近驅(qū)趕出去。由于繁殖地邊緣的巢穴比中心的巢穴更容易受到捕食者的攻擊，對(duì)有利的中心位置的偏愛促進(jìn)了巢穴的密集集中。

The yellow-rumped cacique, which nests in colonies in Amazonian Peru, demonstrates how colonial birds prevent predation. These tropical blackbirds defend their closed, pouch like nests against predators in three ways. First, by nesting on islands and near wasp nests, caciques are safe from arboreal mammals such primates. Second, caciques mob predators (work together as a group to attack predators). The effectiveness of mobbing increases with group size, which increases with colony size. Third, caciques hide their nests from predators by mixing active nests with abandoned nests. Overall, nests in cluster on islands and near wasp nests suffer the least predation.

在亞馬遜秘魯?shù)闹趁竦刂兄驳狞S腰駝背的酋長巖展示了殖民鳥類是如何防止捕食的。這些熱帶黑鸝以三種方式保護(hù)它們封閉的、袋狀的巢穴免受捕食者的攻擊。首先，通過在島嶼和黃蜂巢穴附近筑巢，卡西猿可以免受諸如靈長類等樹棲哺乳動(dòng)物的傷害。其次，卡西克斯的暴民捕食者(作為一個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)一起攻擊捕食者)。群體規(guī)模越大，群體效應(yīng)越大，群體規(guī)模越大。第三，鹿群將活動(dòng)巢穴與廢棄巢穴混合，以躲避捕食者。總體而言，在群島和黃蜂巢穴附近的巢遭受的捕食最少。

Coordinated social interactions tend to be weak when a colony is first forming, but true colonies provide extra benefits. Synchronized nesting, for example, produces a sudden abundance of eggs and chicks that exceeds the daily needs of local predators. Additionally, colonial neighbors can improve their foraging by watching others. This behavior is especially valuable when the off-site food supplies are restricted or variable in location, as are swarms of aerial insects harvested by swallows. The colonies of American cliff swallows, for example, serve as information centers from which unsuccessful individual birds follow successful neighbors to good feeding sites. Cliff swallows that are unable to find food return to their colony, locate a neighbor that has been successful, and then follow that neighbor to its food source. All birds in the colony are equally likely to follow or to be followed and thus contribute to the sharing of information that helps to ensure their reproductive success. As a result of their enhanced foraging efficiency, parent swallows in large colonies return with food for their nestlings more often and bring more food each trip than do parents in small colonies.

當(dāng)一個(gè)群體剛開始形成時(shí)，協(xié)調(diào)的社會(huì)互動(dòng)往往很弱，但是真正的群體提供了額外的好處。例如，同步筑巢會(huì)突然產(chǎn)生大量的卵和幼鳥，超出了當(dāng)?shù)夭妒痴叩娜粘Ｐ枨蟆４送?，殖民地的鄰居可以通過觀察其他人來改善他們的覓食。當(dāng)室外食物供應(yīng)受到限制或位置變化時(shí)，這種行為尤其有價(jià)值，就像燕子捕捉到的成群空中昆蟲一樣。例如，美國懸崖燕子的殖民地作為信息中心，不成功的個(gè)體鳥跟隨成功的鄰居到好的喂養(yǎng)地點(diǎn)。無法找到食物的懸崖燕子回到它們的領(lǐng)地，找到一個(gè)成功的鄰居，然后跟著那個(gè)鄰居找到它的食物來源。在殖民地的所有鳥類都同樣有可能跟隨或被跟隨，從而有助于分享信息，幫助確保它們的繁殖成功。由于它們覓食效率的提高，大型群體中的父母燕子比小型群體中的父母更頻繁地帶著食物返回雛鳥，每次旅行帶來的食物也更多。

To support large congregations of birds, suitable colony sites must be near rich, clumped food supplies.

為了支持大量的鳥類聚集，合適的棲息地必須靠近豐富的、叢生的食物供應(yīng)。

Colonies of pinyon jays and red crossbills settle near seed-rich conifer forests, and wattled starlings nest in large colonies near locust outbreaks. The huge colonies of guanay cormorants and other seabirds that nest on the coast of Peru depend on the productive cold waters of the Humboldt Current. The combination of abundant food in the Humboldt Current and the vastness of oceanic habitat can support enormous populations of seabirds, which concentrate at the few available nesting locations. The populations crash when their food supplies decline during El Nino years.

一群群的松雞和紅嘴雀在盛產(chǎn)種子的針葉林附近棲息，在蝗災(zāi)爆發(fā)附近的大群中筑巢。在秘魯海岸筑巢的瓜奈鸕鶿和其他海鳥的龐大殖民地依賴于洪堡海流的寒冷海水。洪堡海流中豐富的食物和廣闊的海洋棲息地可以支持大量的海鳥，它們集中在為數(shù)不多的筑巢地點(diǎn)。在厄爾尼諾年，當(dāng)食物供應(yīng)下降時(shí)，人口就會(huì)崩潰。

Among the costs, colonial nesting leads to increased competition for nest sites and mates, the stealing of nest materials, and increased physical interference among other effects. In spite of food abundance, large colonies sometimes exhaust their local food supplies and abandon their nests. Large groups also attract predators, especially raptors, and facilitate the spread of parasites and diseases. The globular mud nests in large colonies of the American cliff swallow, for example, are more likely to be infested by fleas or other bloodsucking parasites than are nests in small colonies. Experiments in which some burrows were fumigated to kill the parasites showed that these parasites lowered survivorship by as much as 50 percent in large colonies but not significantly in small ones. The swallows inspect and then select parasite-free nests in large colonies, they tend to build new nests rather than use old, infested ones. On balance, the advantages of colonial nesting clearly outweigh the disadvantages, given the many times at which colonial nesting has evolved independently among different groups of birds. Still lacking, however, is a general framework for testing different hypothesis for the evolution of coloniality.

在成本中，群體筑巢導(dǎo)致了對(duì)筑巢地點(diǎn)和配偶的競爭加劇，偷取筑巢材料，以及在其他影響中增加物理干擾。盡管有豐富的食物，大型的蟻群有時(shí)會(huì)耗盡當(dāng)?shù)氐氖澄锕?yīng)而放棄巢穴。大型群體也吸引掠食者，尤其是迅猛龍，并促進(jìn)寄生蟲和疾病的傳播。例如，在美國懸崖燕子的大群體中，球狀泥巢穴比小群體中的巢穴更容易受到跳蚤或其他吸血寄生蟲的侵?jǐn)_。通過熏蒸一些地洞來殺死寄生蟲的實(shí)驗(yàn)表明，這些寄生蟲在大的蜂群中降低了50%的存活率，但在小的蜂群中卻沒有顯著的降低。燕子在大的群體中檢查并選擇沒有寄生蟲的巢穴，它們傾向于建造新的巢穴而不是使用舊的、受感染的巢穴?？偟膩碚f，殖民筑巢的好處明顯大于壞處，因?yàn)樵诓煌镍B類群體中，殖民筑巢已經(jīng)獨(dú)立進(jìn)化了很多次。然而，仍然缺乏一個(gè)測試殖民進(jìn)化不同假設(shè)的通用框架。

1. The word “vicinity” in the passage is closet in meaning to

A.protection

B.region

C.population

D.resources

2. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A.It is more advantageous for birds to choose central locations for their colonies rather than locations near the edges of their territory.

B.Compared to nests at the edges of colonies, centrally located nests are preferred for their safety from predators and therefore are more densely packed together.

C.Predators generally prefer the densely packed, central portion of nesting colonies, which can make this part of the colony more vulnerable to predators.

D.Birds nesting in colonies that are vulnerable to predators tend to prefer more densely packed nests to those less densely packed.

3. Paragraph 2 implies which of the following about yellow-rumped caciques?

A.They are comparatively unlikely to be harmed by the wasps that attack their predators.

B.They are able to protect their nests without using colonies.

C.Mixing active nests with abandoned nests is the least useful way of defending their nests.

D.Most of their predators are members of other bird species.

4. Paragraph 2 claims that yellow-rumped cacique colonies defend themselves from predators in all of the following ways EXCEPT:

A.They establish colonies in hart-to-reach places.

B.They physically attack invading predators.

C.They hide active nests among previously used ones.

D.They limit the size of their colonies so they are hard to find.

5. The phrase “contribute to” in the passage is closet in meaning to

A.learn from

B.depend upon

C.take advantage of

D.add to

6. According to paragraph 3, what advantage do birds gain by hatching all the colony’s eggs at the same time?

A.They are able to time the hatching of their chicks for when predators are not likely to be around.

B.Chicks hatch when food is abundant, which is generally only a few times a year.

C.Even if predators eliminate some of the newly hatched birds, many others will survive.

D.Weaker birds gain protection for their young by synchronizing their nesting behavior with that of the more dominant birds of the colony.

7. According to paragraph 3, cliff swallows closely observe other members of their colony in order to

A.follow successful birds to safe nesting sites

B.learn the location of local predators

C.place their eggs near other birds in the colony

D.find good sources of food

8. Which of the following is a probable effect of the fact mentioned in paragraph 4 that there are few available nesting locations near the Humboldt Current?

A.Seabirds compete with each other for a limited supply of food.

B.The number of seabirds at any one site is extremely large.

C.Some seabirds nest in conifer forests near locust outbreaks.

D.Colonies near the Humboldt Current contain small numbers of seabirds.

9. The word “exhaust” in the passage is closet in meaning to

A.use up

B.leave

C.avoid

D.hide

10. The phrase “On balance” in the passage is closet in meaning to

A.Nevertheless

B.Overall

C.Therefore

D.Periodically

11. In paragraph 5, why does the author discuss experiments in which some burrows were fumigated?

A.To demonstrate that parasites have a very negative effect on large colonies

B.To show that attacks by predators are a worse problem than the spread of parasites

C.To explain how swallows inspect nests for parasites

D.To prove that the benefits of colonial nesting outweigh the disadvantages

12. Which of the following questions is NOT answered by paragraph 5?

A.What causes colonies to have problems with their food supplies?

B.What are the disadvantages of colonial nesting?

C.What percentage of cliff swallow nests are infected by parasites?

D.How can one test the different hypotheses explaining the evolution of bird colonies?

13. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

The overall survival of the next generation is thus enhanced.

Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.

14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

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